Patagonia is a vast binational region between Chile and Argentina (±43° S to ±56° S). It is one of the few places in the world with pristine forests or without major human intervention. The region has large protected wilderness areas covering almost half of the territory. Here, native forests constitute an important natural and socio-ecological resource, providing multiple ecosystem services to local people, such as recreation, biodiversity conservation, timber and non-timber forest producers, soil and water quality, among others. In Patagonia, large variations in bioclimatic and geomorphological gradients are observed over short distances, along a longitudinal gradient of west-east precipitation (±1000 km2), from ±4000 mm/year in areas close to the coast, to ±500 mm/year in the transition from forest to steppe. This region is characterised by diverse forest types, mountains, glaciers, waterways, microclimates, species dynamics, and human influence, which shape the landscape together. Among the most frequent forest families and species are Nothofagaceae (e.g., N. antarctica, N. pumilio, N. dombeyi), which dominate in mountainous areas, even reaching the vegetation limit, and others such as Cunoniaceae (e.g., Weinmannia trichosperma), Monimiaceae (e.g., Laurelia philippiana), Myrtaceae (e.g., Amomyrtus luma), Podocarpaceae (e.g., Saxegothaeaconspicua), Proteaceae (e.g., Embothrium coccineum, Lomatia hirsuta), and Winteraceae (e.g., Drimys winteri), species that are generally part of the areas with the highest rainfall, which are called evergreen forests.​ Although the influence of human beings in Patagonia is less than in other parts of the world, the human footprint increases in the Anthropocene. Man-made fires in an area where fire has not historically been part of natural phenomena affect forests at multiple scales of the landscape. Also, invasive alien species such as conifers of the genus Pinus that disperse from plantations to adjacent natural areas (such as post-fire open forest areas or steppe). The presence of exotic predatory fauna such as mink or yellow jacket wasp affects native species, because they are carnivorous species that hinder the conservation of fragile species, such as native birds and insects. The region also has extensive native forests within cattle ranches (e.g., Bos taurus, Equus caballus, andOvis aries).​ All this makes the Patagonian forests an excellent natural laboratory for studying ecosystems from the local scale to the landscape scale in the Anthropocene.